09/06/2026
Fish I Look at Differently Now: Bigmouth and Smallmouth Buffalo
During my dedicated bowfishing days, I harvested my fair share of buffalo. At the time, I honestly had no idea just how old some of those fish could be or how difficult it can be for them to successfully replace themselves.
Buffalo aren't carp. They are native North American species, and the largest member of the sucker family. They're commonly mistaken for common carp, but the two aren't even closely related.
And their life history is pretty incredible.
Researchers have documented bigmouth buffalo living more than 100 years, including an age validated Minnesota fish that reached 112 years old. Research has also shown that successful recruitment, the survival of young fish long enough to join the adult population, can be extremely sporadic.
A University of Minnesota Duluth study at Rice Lake National Wildlife Refuge really puts that into perspective. Researchers examined nearly 400 adults and found a median age of 79 years. Only one of the 390 fish studied was from a hatch year after 1971. More than 95% of the population had hatched before the 1960s.
The interesting part is that the fish were still migrating and spawning. Young buffalo were actually being produced, but researchers found those young fish disappearing by later in the summer, likely because of predation and other factors. In other words, spawning doesn't necessarily mean successful recruitment.
Think about that the next time you see a giant buffalo.
That fish might not simply be a big fish. It could potentially be much older than the person holding the bow and it may have come from one of the relatively rare year classes that successfully survived to adulthood.
That knowledge has changed my approach.
I still enjoy bowfishing and I'm not saying nobody should ever harvest a buffalo. I still occasionally harvest them myself. But today I'm much more selective.
Instead, I tend to focus more of my bowfishing effort on common carp, which are nonnative or even gar when I'm looking for something to bring home to eat. And before anyone automatically dismisses gar as table fare, they're actually pretty darn good. Get through the armor, remove those boneless backstraps and you might be surprised.
Conservation doesn't always mean giving something up or adding another regulation. Sometimes it simply means learning more about the resource and adjusting how we choose to use it.
I harvested plenty of buffalo before I understood just how remarkable their life history was. Now that I know more, I look at those giant fish a little differently.
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